Вся правда о лекарствах. Мировой заговор фармкомпаний - Бен Голдакр

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1. Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs. GlaxoSmithKline to Plead Guilty and Pay $3 Billion to Resolve Fraud Allegations and Failure to Report Safety Data. Monday, July 2, 2012.http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2012/July/12-civ842.html

2. Glaxo executives cited in case now lead Sanofi, Actelion. Bloomberg News, 3/7/12. http://www.businessweek.com/news/ 201207-03/glaxo-executives-cited-in-case-now-lead-sanofiactelion

3. Inpharm 4/7/12. GSK ruling: another failing, but will the industry learn? http://www.inpharm.com/news/173307/gskrulinganother-failing-will-industry-learn

4. Glaxo Agrees to Pay $3 Billion in Fraud Settlement. New York Times, July 2 2012. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/03/ business/glaxosmithkline-agrees-to-pay-3-billion-in-fraudsettlement.html

5. Level playing field push to continue despite setback 8 December 2011. Medicines Australia. http://medicinesaustralia. com. au/2011/12/08/level-playing-field-push-to-continue-despitesetback/

6. Drug companies to work with CCGs on care pathways and case finding under DH-backed scheme. Pulse, 28 May 2012, http://www.pulsetoday.co.uk/ newsarticle-content/-/article_ display_ list/14029608/drug-companies-to-work-with-ccgs-oncarepathways-and-case-finding-under-dh-backed-scheme.

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1. The citation here is, for obvious reasons, ‘personal communication’. The email from the academic continued: ‘From my perspective, I don’t think we should be anything but indignant!’

2. Davis C, Abraham J. Is there a cure for corporate crime in the drug industry? BMJ. 2013;346:f755.

3. Gale EAM. Post-marketing studies of new insulins: sales or science? BMJ. 2012;344:e3974.

4. Light DW, Lexchin JR. Pharmaceutical research and development: what do we get for all that money? BMJ. 2012;345:e4348.

5. Svensson S, Menkes DB, Lexchin J. Surrogate Outcomes in Clinical Trials: A Cautionary Tale. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(8):611612.

6. „JAMA, Integrity, Accessibility, and Social vs. Scientific Peer Review“. Emergency Medicine Literature of Note, Feb 26, 2013.

7. Abbasi, K. Blood on our hands: seeing the evil in inappropriate comparators. J R Soc Med. 2013 January;106(1): 1.

8. Inside Health, BBC Radio 4, January 2013.

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10. Ioannidis JPA. How Many Contemporary Medical Practices Are Worse Than Doing Nothing or Doing Less? Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2013 Aug;88(8):779-81.

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14. Mintzes B, Lexchin J, Sutherland JM, Beaulieu M-D, Wilkes MS, Durrieu G, et al. Pharmaceutical Sales Representatives and Patient Safety: A Comparative Prospective Study of Information Quality in Canada, France and the United States. J Gen Intern Med. 2013 Apr 5.

15. http://dailycaller.com/2013/04/27/critics-see-conflict-ofinterestas-obama-admin-advises-doctors-on-prescriptions/

16. http://www.propublica.org/article/pay-to-prescribe-twodozendoctors-named-in-novartis-kickback-case

17. Bosch X, Hernandez C; Pericas JM, Doti P. Ghostwriting Policies in High-Impact Biomedical Journals: A Cross-Sectional Study. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(10):920–921.

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19. Persaud N. Questionable content of an industry-supported medical school lecture series: a case study. J Med Ethics. doi:10.1136/ medethics-2013-101343

20. India’s poor duped into clinical drug trials. Economic Times, 7th July 2013.

21. Vedula SS, Li T, Dickersin K. Differences in Reporting of Analyses in Internal Company Documents Versus Published Trial Reports: Comparisons in Industry-Sponsored Trials in Off-Label Uses of Gabapentin. PLoS Med. 2013 Jan 29;10(1):e1001378.

22. Sample, Ian. Big pharma mobilising patients in battle over drugs trials data. Guardian, 21st July 2013.

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Примечания

1

Вместо разработки новых методов исследований для поиска ответа на вопрос, могут ли люди осознанно предсказывать будущее, Бем просто провел несколько классических экспериментов по психологии, только изменил порядок действий. Так, например, он осуществил хорошо известный опыт по изучению влияния подсознания на осознанный выбор: людям показывают два зеркальных изображения одной и той же картинки и просят выбрать ту, которая им больше нравится, но перед тем как они скажут свое конечное слово, им в течение долей секунды демонстрируют какое-нибудь неприятное изображение, спрятанное под одной из картинок. При обычном ходе такого опыта демонстрация скрытого изображения заставляла людей реже выбирать ту картинку, под которой оно было спрятано. В исследовании Бема неприятные изображения показывались уже после того, как испытуемый выбирал понравившуюся ему картинку. Как бы это ни звучало неправдоподобно, но Бем обнаружил, что и тогда демонстрация скрытых образов все равно оказывала влияние на выбор подопытных.

2

Иэну Чалмерсу был пожалован рыцарский титул за создание организации Cochrane Collaboration. Будучи очень практичными людьми, исследователи из компании захотели узнать, была ли какая-нибудь реальная польза от полученного звания, поэтому было решено провести исследования по методу случайной выборки. Будет ли наблюдаться разница в количестве откликов на письма в зависимости от подписи. «Иэн Чалмерс» или «сэр Иэн Чалмерс» — как лучше? Была создана простая система: перед отправкой часть наугад выбранных писем была подписана «сэр Иэн Чалмерс», а другая — просто «Иэн Чалмерс». Затем исследователи сравнили количество полученных ответов на каждое из посланий, подписанных двумя разными способами. Оказалось, что приставка «сэр» вообще не оказала на людей никакого воздействия. Это исследование было опубликовано полностью, несмотря на получение негативных результатов, в журнале Королевского общества медицины, и это вовсе не несерьезный предмет исследования. В медицине встречается много людей, обладающих титулом рыцаря. Многие готовы на ряд сомнительных и даже опасных вещей, чтобы увеличить шансы получения заветной регалии. Большинство думает: «Если бы у меня был рыцарский титул, люди воспринимали бы все мои идеи более серьезно». Работа была озаглавлена «Да, сэр. Нет, сэр. Без разницы, сэр».56 После ее прочтения вы можете снизить уровень ваших амбиций.