ОУН и УПА: исследования о создании "исторических " мифов. Сборник статей - Пер Рудлинг

Wernigeroder Str. 17

10589 Berlin, Germany [email protected] would like to thank Michal Mlynarz, Lida Somchynsky, Per Anders Rudling, and John-Paul Himka for their assistance while I was preparing this article

Примечания

1

Из резолюции Европейского парламента «О ситуации в Украине» от 25 февраля 2012 года.

2

See, for instance, David R. Marples, Heroes and Villains: Creating National History in Contemporary Ukraine (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2007); Johan Dietsch, Making Sense of Suffering: Holocaust and Holodomor in Ukrainian Historical Culture (Lund: Lund University Press, 2006); Olena Radziwi"", “Viina za viinu: Druha svitova viina ta Velyka vitchyzniana viina u shkil’nykh pidruchnykakh z istorii Ukrainy (1969–2007),” paper presented at “World War II and the (Re)Creation of Historical Memory in Contemporary Ukraine, An International Conference,” Kyiv, Ukraine, September 24, 2009.

3

On this topic, see Franziska Bruder’s pioneering study, “Den ukrainischen Staat erkämpfen odersterben!”: Die Organisation Ukrainischer Nationalisten (OUN), 1928–1948 (Berlin: Metropol Verlag, 2007), 23.

4

Armstrong writes that “the theory and the teachings of the nationalists were very close to fascism, and in some respects, such as the insistence on ‘racial purity,’ even went beyond the original fascist doctrines.” John A. Armstrong, Ukrainian Nationalism, 1939–1945 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1955), 279. “At least as a start, it seems preferable not to call the OUN’s ideology ‘fascism’ but to designate it ‘integral nationalism,’ in accordance with Carlton Hayes’ classification of the Action Française model.” John A. Armstrong, “Collaborationism in World War II: The Integral Nationalist Variant in Eastern Europe,” Journal of Modern History, 40, no. 3 (Sep. 1968): 400–401.

5

Juan J. Linz, “Political Space and Fascism as Late-Comer: Conditions Conductive to the Success or Failure of Fascism as a Mass Movement in Inter-War Europe,” in Stein Ugelvik Larsen, Bernt Hagtvet, and Jan Petter Myklebust (eds.), Who Were the Fascists: Social Roots of European Fascism (Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1980): 169, 187

6

Grzegorz Rossoli#ski-Liebe, “The ‘Ukrainian National Revolution’ of 1941: Discourse and Practice of a Fascist Movement,” Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 12, no. 1 (Winter 2011): 87, n. 12. Heorhii Kas’ianov rejects attempts at establishing an umbrella defi nition of the far right, arguing that applying terms such as fascism, Nazism, but also integral nationalism to the OUN is not productive, as these movements constitute different phenomena. Teoriia natsii ta natsionalizmu (Kyiv: Lebed’, 1999), 326.

7

Bruder, “Den ukrainischen Staat,” 32; Oleksandr Panchenko, Mykola Lebed’: Zhyttia. Diyal’nist’. Derzhavno-pravovi pohliady (Lokhvytsia: Kobeliaky, 2001), 15; Anatol’ Kamins’kyi, Krai, emihratsiiai mizhnarodni zakulisy (Manchester: Vydannia Politychnoi Rady OUNz Nakladom Kraevoi PR OUNz u Velykobrytanii, 1982), 39–42.

8

Bruder, “Den ukrainischen Staat,” 35.

9

Roger Griffi n, Modernism and Fascism: The Sense of a Beginning under Mussolini and Hitler (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), 62.

10

There is a rich literature on the theory, defi nition, and charcterization of fascism. Here it would suffi ce to mention Roger Griffi n, The Nature of Fascism (London: Pinter, 1991), 1–19, and Stanley G. Payne, A History of Fascism, 1914–1945 (Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1995), 3–52, and idem, “The Concept of Fascism,” in Ugelvik Larsen, Hagtvet, and Myklebust, Who Were the Fascists, 17. On the fascism of the OUN, see Rossoli#ski-Liebe, “The ‘Ukrainian National Revolution’ of 1941,” 85–90.

11

Bruder, “Den ukrainischen Staat,” 51. The characterization of the OUN as fascist is also shared by Richard Breitman, Norman J. W. Goda, John-Paul Himka, David Marples, Grzegorz Rossoli#ski-Liebe, Timothy Snyder, and other historians. See Richard Breitman and Norman J. W. Goda, Hitler’s Shadow: Nazi War Criminals, U.S. Intelligence, and the Cold War (Washington, D.C.: The National Archives, 2010), 74, and, for instance Himka, Marples, Rossoli#ski-Liebe, and Snyder in Tarik Cyril Amar, Ivan Balyns’kyi, and Yaroslav Hrytsak (eds.) Strasti za Banderoiu: statti ta essei (Kyiv: Hrani-T, 2010).

12

Taras Kuzio, “OUN v Ukraine, Dmytro Dontsov i zakordonna chastyna OUN,” Suchasnist, vol. 12 (1992): 34; Armstrong, “Collaborationism in World War II,” 402.

13

Taras Kurylo, “’The Jewish Question’ in the Ukrainian Nationalist Discourse of the Interwar Period,” Polin, no. 26 (forthcoming).

14

Iaroslav Orshan, “Doba natsionalizmu,” V Avanhardi (Al’manakh) (Paris: n.p. 1938), 41. Availble online from the web forum Natsional’na Diia “RID,” http://rid.org.ua. Thanks to Taras Kurylo for this reference.

15

Yury Boshyk, ed., World War II in Ukraine: History and Its Aftermath (Edmonton: CIUS and University of Alberta, 1986), 172–173; “10 zapovidei Ukraintsia-Natsionalista (Dekal’oh),” Tsentral’nyi derzhavnyi arkhiv hromas’kykh orhanizatsii Ukrainy, henceforth TsDAHO Ukrainy, f. 1, op. 23, d. 931, ark. 68. Thanks to John-Paul Himka for this reference.

16

Mykola Posivnych, “Molodist’ Stepana Bandery,” in Mykola Posivnych (ed.), Zhyttia i diial’nist’ Stepana Bandery: Dokumenty i materialy (Ternopil’: Aston, 2008), 38.

17

Z Tvoei rodyny stvory kyvot chystoty Tvoei Rasy i Natsii, from 44 pravyla zhyttia ukrains’koho natsionalista. Sviatoslav Lypovets’kyi, OUN banderivtsi: frahmenty diial’nosti ta borot’by/The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (Banderites): A Collage of Deeds and Struggles (Kiev: Ukrains’ka Vydavnycha Spilka, 2010), 93–94.

18

Nationalist publishers translated Nazi racial theoretician Hans Günther’s 1920 racist tract Ritter, Tod und Teufel as Hans F. K. [Ginter] Günter, Lytsar, Smert’ i chort’: Herois’ka mysl’. Vstup ta pereklad iz IV. nimets’koho vydannia Rostyslava Iendyka [Introduction and translation from the IV German edition by Rostyslav Iendyk] (L’viv: Vydavnytstvo “Prometei,” 1937). Orshan introduced the book, written “in 1920, at the time of all the misery that befell Germany after its loss in the World War, democratic-liberal decay, pacifi sm, and the weakening of the national instinct, and the rise of Jewish supremacy [postupaiuchoi supermatii zhydivstva],” Orshan, Doba Natsionalizmu, 3–4. On Hans F. K. Günther, see Alan E. Steinweis, Studying the Jew: Scholarly Anti-Semitism in Nazi Germany (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2006), 25–41, and Leo Kramár, Rasismens ideologer: Från Gobeneau till Hitler (Stockholm: Norstedts Förlag, 2000), 207–227.

19

Orshan, Doba Natsionalizmu, 5.

20

Mykola Mikhnovs’kyi’s Decalogue was a set of rules to police the political, social, and sexual activities of nationalists. Rule 1 stated that a Ukrainian state should reach from the Carpatians to the Caucasus, number 2 that “all people are your brothers, but Muscovites, Poles, Hungarians, Romanians and Jews are the enemies of your people [moskali, liakhy, uhry, rumuny ta zhydy — se vorohy nashoho narodu]. Rule 3 states “Ukraine for the Ukrainians!” Rule 10, which so appealed to Sukhovers’kyi and other nationalist activists, reads: “Do not take a wife of alien stock, since your children will become your enemies; do not find aquaintances among the enemies of our people, as that would give them strength and courage; do not buy from our oppressors as that will make you a traitor.” This nationalist decalogue is still on the Ukrainian Students’ Association — University of Winnipeg (UWUSA) Facebook site: http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=171502843414 (accessed March 3, 2011).

21

Mykola Sukhovers’kyi, Moi spohady (Kyiv: Vydavnytstvo “Smoloskyp,” 1997), 50. Sukhovers’kyi (1913–2008), a native of Bukovyna, worked in Berlin as a liason between the OUN(m) and Nazi Germany during World War II and later settled in Canada. He was the honorary president of the Ukrainian War Veterans association in Edmonton and a leading fi gure in the OUN(m). He worked as a librarian at the University of Alberta where the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies at the University of Alberta still administers the Celestin and Irena Suchowersky Endowment Funds. Bohdan Klid and Myroslav Yurkevych, CIUS: 30 Years of Excellence/KIUS: 30 Rokiv Uspikhiv, 1976–2006 (Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies at the University of Alberta, 2006), 35.

22

“Orhanizatsiia Ukrains’kykh Natsionalistiv: Natsiia iak spetsies,” Holovnyi Derzhavnyi Arkhiv Sluzhby Bezpeky Ukrainy (henceforth HDA SBU), f. 13, no. 376, tom 6, l. 1. Undated OUN brochure, no earlier than 1943.

23

“Orhanizatsiia Ukrains’kykh Natsionalistiv: Rodyna v systemi orhanizavanoho ukrains’koho natsionalizmu,” HDA SBU, f. 13, tom 6,l. 6.

24

Ibid., f. 13, no. 376, tom 6, l. 7.

25

“Orhanizatsiia Ukrains’kykh Natsionalistiv: Atomistychna teoriia pro natsiu,” HDA SBU, Fond 13, no. 376, tom 6, l. 4.

26

Rozbudova Natsii, no. 11–12 (Nov. — Dec. 1930): 265–266, cited by Krzysztof &ada, “Teoria i ludobójcza praktyka ukrai#skiego integralnego nacjonaliymu wobec Polaków, 'ydów i Rosjan w pierwszej po" owie XX wieku,” in Cz. Partacz, B. Polak, and W. Handke, eds., Wo!y" i Ma!opolska Wschodnia 1943–1944 (Koszalin-Leszno: Instytut im. Gen. Stefana Gorta, 2004), 48.

27

“Z programu szkolenia bojówek OUN z 1935 r.,” Derzhavnyi Arkhiv Rivnenskoii Oblasti (DARO), f. 32, op. 36, spr. 2, l. 22ff. Cited by Ewa Siemaszko, “Przemiany relacji polsko-ukraiskich od po" owylat trzydziestych do II wojny (wiatowej,” Biuletyn instytutu pami#ci narodowej, no. 7–8 (116–117) (July — August 2010): 65, and reprinted in Wiktor Poliszczuk, Nacjonalizm ukrai" ski w dokumentach (czesc 2): Integralny nacjonalizm ukrai" ski jako odmiana faszyzmu. Tom czwarty. Dokumenty z zakresu dzia!a" struktur nacjonaliymu ukrai" skiego w okresie od 1920 do grudnia 1943 roku (Toronto: Viktor Poliszczuk, 2002), 49.

28

On the OUN’s anti-Semitism, see Marco Carynnyk, “Foes of Our Rebirth: Ukrainian Nationalist Discussions about Jews, 1929–1947,” Nationalities Papers, Vol. 39, No. 3, (May 2011): 315–352; Bruder, “Den Ukrainischen Staat’,” 46–48, 99–101, 166–169; Kurylo, “Jewish Question”; Taras Kurylo and John-Paul Himka [Ivan Khymka], “Iak OUN stavylasia do ievreiv? Rozdumy nad knyzhkoiu Volodymyra V’’iatrovycha Stavlennia OUN do ievre&v: formuvannia pozyti& na tli katastrofy,” Ukra&na Moderna 13 (2008): 252–265.

29

John-Paul Himka. “War Criminality: A Blank Spot in the Collective Memory of the Ukrainian Diaspora,” Spaces of Identity 5 (2005): 16–17.

30

O. Mytsiuk, “Ahraryzatsiia zhydivstva za dobu bol’shevyzmu,” Rozbudova Natsi&, no. 7–8 (1933): 180–190, and no. 9–10, 226–235; idem., “Pozaahrarna diial’nist’ zhydiv po svitovii viini,” Rozbudova Natsi&, no. 11–12 (1933): 277–287, cited in Kurylo, “The Jewish Question.”

31

Ryszard Wysocki, Organizacja Ukrai" skich Nacjonalistów w Polsce w latach 1929–1939: geneza, struktura, program, ideologia (Lublin: Wydawn. Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Sklodowskiej, 2003), 201.

32

Kurylo, “Jewish Question,” 6, citing Iu. Mylianych, “Zhydy, sionizm i Ukraina,” Rozbudova Natsii, no. 8–9 (1929): 271.

33

Volodymyr Martynets’, Zhydivs’ka problema v Ukra&ni (London: Williams, Lea & Co., 1938), 10, 14–15.

34

Ibid., 22.

35

Kurylo, “Jewish Question,” citing R. O., “Obludnyky humanitaryzmu,” Visnyk no. 1 (1939). No page number provided.

36

Kurylo, “Jewish Question,” citing M. O. [M. Ostoverkha], “Antysemityzm v Italii,” Visnyk, no. 1 (1938): 712–714.

37

Kurylo, “Jewish Question.”

38

Bruder, “Den ukrainischen,” 147. Several pogroms took place in Ukraine in between 1918 and 1920, during which some one hundred fifty thousand Jews were killed, an estimated 53.7 percent by Petluira’s nationalist forces, 17 percent by Denikin’s White Army, and 2.3 percent by the Bolshevik Red Army. Manus I. Midlarsky, The Killing Trap: Genocide in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 45.

39

Karel C. Berkhoff and Marco Carynnyk, “The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and Its Attitude towards Germans and Jews: Iaroslav Stets’ko’s 1941 Zhyttiepys,” Harvard Ukrainian Studies 23, no.3–4 (1999): 149–184; Kurylo and Himka “Iak OUN stavylasia do ievreiv?” 252–265; John-Paul Himka, “A Central European Diaspora under the Shadow of World War II: The Galician Ukrainians in North America,” Austrian History Yearbook 37 (2006): 22; Kurylo, “Jewish Question”; H. V. Kasianov, “Ideolohiia OUN: istoryko-retrospektyvnyi analiz,” Ukrains’kyi istorychnyi zhurnal, no. 2 (2004): 38–39.